Its years are designated AP, short for Anno Persico. Below is the Iranian calendar. You can also type in a date in the fields and the Iranian date will appear in the calendar. To find the corresponding year of the Gregorian calendar, add 621 or 622 (depending on the time of the year) to a Solar Hejri year. calendar, also called the Jalali calendar, dates back to the eleventh century, when Jalal-ed-din Malek Shah Seljuq The Iranian year begins on the day of the vernal equinox--the first day of spring. year of the Iranian calendar. In most Islamic countries, Friday is the weekly holiday. five-year leap years, the Iranian calendar would coincides with the tropical year. Since the new rulers were not Zoroastrians, Zoroastrian priests lost their function at the royal courts, and so resented the Seleucids. Based on the Greek tradition, Seleucids introduced the practice of dating by era rather than by the reign of individual kings. In fact, this was the conquest of Babylon by Cyrus the Great in 539 BCE. Twelve months of 30 days were named for festivals or activities of the pastoral year. Before the Yazdgerdi calendar was completed, Muslim Arabs overthrew the dynasty in the 7th century and established the Islamic calendar, a lunar calendar. The number 38 represents the years separating the beginning of the 2820-year cycle from Hejira--the year of Mohammed's On 21 February 1911, the second Persian parliament adopted as the official calendar of Iran the Jalālī solar calendar with months bearing the names of the twelve constellations of the zodiac and the years named for the animals of the duodecennial cycle; it remained in use until 1925. synchronization with the solar cycle. Faghih Abdollahi, H. "Comput du Temps et Calendrier chez les Savants Islamiques." This determination of starting moment is more accurate than the Gregorian calendar as far as predicting the date of the vernal equinox is concerned because it uses astronomical calculation rather than mathematical rules. A 13th month was added every six years to keep the calendar synchronized with the seasons. To establish the frequency of the five-year Fitzgerald, E. (Translator). The law said that the first day of the year should be the first day of spring in "the true solar year", "as it has been" (کماکان). Afghanistan legally adopted the official Jalali calendar in 1922[6] but with different month names. To convert the Solar Hejri year into the equivalent Gregorian year add 621 years to the Solar Hejri year (provided the Gregorian day is 21 March or later; if earlier in the year, add 622). In Sociétés et Cultures Musulmanes d'hier et d'aujourd'hui. The anchor date 1 Farvardin 1372 is chosen so that its 4th, 8th, ..., 32nd anniversaries come immediately after leap days, yet the anchor date itself does not immediately follow a leap day. The Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyám. Throughout recorded history, Persians have been keen on the idea and importance of having a calendar. To remedy this overcompensation, Inst. The first day of the year continued to be the first day of Muharram. Four-year It is one of the oldest calendars in the world as well as the most accurate solar calendar in use today. astronomical terms, the length of a year shortens by 0.00000615th of a day every century. Many rites were practiced over many days to make sure no holy days were missed. Similarly, to jump back by one 33-year cycle, move ahead by one weekday. (Different rules, such as the 2820-year cycle, have also been accredited to Khayyam). The month names and their modern versions are given in the following table. This incorrect date is still mentioned in many current encyclopedias as Zoroaster’s birth date. To this day many Zoroastrian feasts have two dates. Some claim that simplifications introduced in the intervening years may have introduced a system with eight leap days in every cycle of 33 years. Ross, K. L. "Iranian Calendars." Umar, the second caliph of Islam, began numbering years in AH 17 (638 CE), regarding the first year as the year of Muhammad's Hijra (emigration) from Mecca to Medina, in September 622 CE. The Solar Hejri calendar (Persian: گاهشماری هجری خورشیدی یا هجری شمسی) produces a five-year leap year interval after about every seven four-year leap year intervals. The year begins at midnight closest to the vernal equinox in Iran – specifically at the Iran Standard Time meridian at longitude 52.5° east, which ru… One of the longest chronological records in human history, the Iranian calendar has been modified time and again during its history to suit administrative, climatic, and religious purposes. The name for Friday, jom'e, is Arabic (Persian: جمعه). zodiac. They evolved over the centuries, but month names changed little until now. [8][9][10][11] According to a proposal made by Ahmad Birashk, a complex mathematical pattern can be used to make the calendar a purely mathematical one without the need for astronomical observation. leap years add 0.25 day to each year in the period. after every six or seven four-year leap years, the Iranian calendar provides for a five-year leap year, i.e., the It consists of 12 months New York: Dover, 1991. Overnight, the year changed from 1355 to 2535. The new system created confusion and met resistance. Since the solar transit times can have 24-hour variations, the length of the months vary slightly in different years (each month can be between 29 and 32 days). دقیق ترین تقویم آنلاین شمسی هجری میلادی با تمام مناسبت های ماه و تبدیل تاریخ - Miladi Shamsi & Hejri Iranian calendar with Iran Public Holidays The image below shows the difference between the Iranian calendar (using the 33-year arithmetic approximation) and the seasons. Days were not named. The Persian Calendar is the official calendar in Iran and Afghanistan consisting of 6 months which have a total of 31 days, 5 months with 30 days and the final months which has 29 or 30 days depending on whether or not it is a Leap Year. Heydari-Malayeri, M. "The Iranian Calendar." http://wwwusr.obspm.fr/~heydari/divers/calendar.html. To simplify the situation, Ardeshir’s grandson, Hormizd I, linked the new and old holy days into continual six-day feasts. To find the corresponding year of the Gregorian calendar, add 621 or 622 (depending on the time of the year) to a Solar Hijri year. Years of the Islamic calendar are designated AH from the Latin Anno Hegirae (in the year of the Hijra). Three were dedicated to the female divinities, Daena (yazata of religion and personified conscious), Ashi (yazata of fortune) and Arshtat (justice). The modern Iranian calendar (Solar Hejri) is now the official calendar in Iran and Afghanistan. They divided the cycle by 128 which is the period in which, with appropriate addition of Correspondence of Solar Hejri and Gregorian calendars (years beginning on 20 March are marked *, others start on 21 March:[13], Modifications by Parthians, Ardashir I, Hormizd I, Yazdgerd III. From these they learned that a great event in Persian history took place 228 years before the era of Alexander. leap year occurs after four normal years instead of three. They were among the first cultures to use a solar calendar and have long favoured a solar over lunar and lunisolar approaches. to coincide with the tropical year. The Iranian calendars or sometimes called Persian calendars are a succession of calendars invented or used for over two millennia in Greater Iran. (except in leap years, when it is 30 days). Although the earliest evidence of Iranian calendrical traditions is from the second millennium BC, predating the appearance of the Iranian prophet Zoroaster, the first fully preserved calendar is that of the Achaemenids. It begins on the vernal equinox as determined by astronomical calculations for the Iran Standard Time meridian (52.5°E or GMT+3.5h). IRAN: J. Brit. the year is a leap year, except in the special case that two consecutive fractional [6] The present Iranian calendar was legally adopted on 31 March 1925, under the early Pahlavi dynasty. day. Tehran: Amir Kabir Press, 1996. 1302 AP: 30, 31, 32, 31, 31, 31, 31, 29, 30, 29, 30, and 30 days. For example, the months in two last years of the Jalali calendar had: Because months were computed based on precise times of solar transit between zodiacal regions, seasonal drift never exceeded one day, and also there was no need for a leap year in the Jalali calendar. Twelve lunar cycles occur over 354 days. It fixed the pantheon of major divinities, and also ensured that their names were uttered often, since at every Zoroastrian act of worship the yazatas of both day and month were invoked. leap years, the Jalali scientists took the period of 2820 years as the base for their calculations. The Iranian calendars or sometimes called Persian calendars are a succession of calendars invented or used for over two millennia in Greater Iran. The remaining four were dedicated to Asman (lord of sky or Heaven), Zam (earth), Manthra Spenta (the Bounteous Sacred Word) and Anaghra Raocha (the 'Endless Light' of paradise). add 38 to the year, multiply the result by 31, and divide by 128. This determination of starting moment is more accurate than the Gregorian calendar because it is synchronized with the vernal equinox year,[1] but requires consulting an astronomical almanac. In 1976, Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi changed the origin of the calendar, using the birth of Cyrus as the first day, rather than the Hejra of Muhammad. The Solar Hejri calendar year begins at the start of Spring in the northern hemisphere: on the midnight between the two consecutive solar noons which include the instant of the Northern spring equinox, when the sun enters the northern hemisphere. 10, pp. The calendar had a significant impact on religious observance. That is more than the discrepancy with the The Y axis is "days error" and the X axis is Gregorian calendar years. average, the Iranian calendar runs short of the tropical year by 5h, 48m, 45.2s each year. especially The Rubaiyat. Prominent among the scientists was Omar Khayyám, best known today for his poetry, This average is just 0.00000026 day shorter than the actual solar year of 365.24219878 days, making an accumulated error of just one day over 3.8 million years or approximately 0.022 of a second annually.[12]. The Solar Hijri calendar is a solar calendar, meaning that its time reckoning is based on the Earth's movements around the Sun. Unlike the Gregorian calendar, which follows a set of predetermined rules to stay in sync with the solar year, the Solar Hijri calendar is based on astronomical observations. The following table lists the Old Persian months.[3]. For example in Achaemenid times the modern Persian month ‘Day’ was called Dadvah (Creator), in Parthian it was Datush and the Sassanians named it Dadv/Dai (Dadar in Pahlavi). The Iranian calendar coincides with the tropical year, which is 365.24219 days long, but because of the constraints of adjusting the beginning of the calendar to the beginning of the day (at midnight), on the average, the Iranian calendar runs short of the tropical year by 5h, 48m, 45.2s each year. One good such date is Sunday, 1 Farvardin 1372, which equals 21 March 1993. Their names for the months and days are Parthian equivalents of the Avestan ones used previously, differing slightly from the Middle Persian names used by the Sassanians. The Iranian year usually begins within a day of 21 March of the Gregorian calendar. It also clarified the pattern of festivities; for example, Mitrakanna or Mehregan was celebrated on Mithra day of Mithra month, and the Tiri festival (Tiragan) was celebrated on Tiri day of the Tiri month. Hence, the first noon is on the last day of one calendar year and the second noon is on the first day (Nowruz) of the next year. The reason the first six months have 31 days and the rest 30 may have to do with the fact that the sun moves slightly more slowly along the ecliptic in the northern spring and summer than in the northern autumn and winter (the time between the vernal equinox and the autumnal equinox is about 186 days and 10 hours, the opposite duration about 178 days, 20 hours).