December March April
https://www.alamy.com/winter-rye-and-vetch-cover-crop-in-spring-image214971711.html, https://www.alamy.com/seedlings-of-winter-rye-in-the-snow-image243725882.html, Hungarian Grazing Rye sown as a green manure to improve soil fertility at Painswick Rococo Garden in the Cotswolds in winter, https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo-hungarian-grazing-rye-sown-as-a-green-manure-to-improve-soil-fertility-27502489.html, A field of winter rye growing in Berks County, Pennsylvania, USA, https://www.alamy.com/a-field-of-winter-rye-growing-in-berks-county-pennsylvania-usa-image255599180.html.
Eckert (1991) found that in no-till managed corn and soybean production (Ohio), a cereal rye cover crop increased concentrations of exchangeable K near the soil surface (0-5 cm, 3 of 4 comparisons), but otherwise had little effect on soil chemical attributes. (1996) during winter in Salinas, CA, grew tansy phacelia (cv. Cover Crop C:N Ratio
In the warm, rainy first year of the study, 90% of the N in the hairy vetch monoculture had been released by the 8th week of the study; 71% of the N had been released for the cereal rye monoculture. Oilseed radish: 200 (142)
The researchers suggested that infiltration rates (ring infiltrometers) were in descending order: alfalfa (Medicago sativa) > 'Hubam' white sweetclover (Melilotus alba) > sour clover (Melilotus indicus) > cereal rye (Secale cereale) > clean cultivation. Crimson clover 0.14, 0.09 0.12, 0.36 1.12, 1.71
Ranells and Wagger (1997b) conducted a replicated field trial on N-dynamics of the following monocultural and bicultural cover crops: (1) cereal rye; (2) crimson clover; (3) hairy vetch; (4) cereal rye/crimson clover; and (5) cereal rye/hairy vetch.
There were three replications. That is, each day, more than 10% of the soluble carbohydrate pool degrades to CO2, about 0.34% of the cellulose pool degrades, and less than 0.1% of the lignin. Crimson Clover 17, 17 35, 134
In replicated studies in Salinas, CA, Jackson et al.
Wyland et al. Late Bloom: 70% 73.0 kgN/ha
These data for residues left on the soil surface reflect the slower breakdown of stems, and the immobilization of N caused by application of materials with high C/N ratios. Both cover crops were tilled under in mid-April and broccoli was planted in late April. Both cover crops were tilled under in mid-April and broccoli was planted in late April. Crimson clover 19, 17 16,16 16, 16
In this tillage experiment, growth stages were as follows, on April 19 or 20. Cereal rye, with its tall stature, might be expected to inhibit foot traffic in cover cropped fields or orchards (Bugg, pers. For cereal rye grown in monoculture, the C:N ratio was 40:1, whereas when cereal rye was grown in biculture with hairy vetch, the C:N ratio was 28:1. #137062636 - Harvester machine working in field . The researchers suggested that infiltration rates (ring infiltrometers) were in descending order: alfalfa (Medicago sativa) > 'Hubam' white sweetclover (Melilotus alba) > sour clover (Melilotus indicus) > cereal rye (Secale cereale) > clean cultivation. Early Bloom: 71% 62.0 kgN/ha
Crimson clover 2, 2 2, 10 30, 49
Oilseed radish: 58
This cover crop was difficult to incorporate by disking, and led to N immobilization in the soil and deficiencies to the following lettuce crop. Ranells and Wagger (1997b) conducted a replicated field trial on N-dynamics of the following monocultural and bicultural cover crops: (1) cereal rye; (2) crimson clover; (3) hairy vetch; (4) cereal rye/crimson clover; and (5) cereal rye/hairy vetch.
White senf mustard: 161 (148)
Farmers manually clean the.. #131222109 - Aerial view of ripe wheat field from drone pov with crop marks.. #131411524 - Harvesting of wheat in summer. Seven-spotted lady beetle relied substantially on rye from late April until mid May, and from early through late May on hairy vetch.
Both cover crops were tilled under in mid-April and broccoli was planted in late April. Quemada and Cabrera (1995a) in Georgia found that chemical composition of various winter-annual plants varied in their chemical composition and in their decomposition rates when managed without tillage. 'Phaci') and cereal rye (cv. Cereal rye 28.9 98.9 44.7
Merced cereal rye: 129 (110)
Crimson clover 10.1 31.9 15.2
Pool Decay Rate Constant
Above-ground C:N ratios through time were as follows (data given for two successive years). Merced cereal rye: 129 (110)
Oilseed radish: 4,128
Humus native to the soil was estimated to mineralize N at 0.00042/day. Quemada and Cabrera (1995b) in Georgia used the CERES-N model to predict conditions for leaves or stems or 50:50 by dry weight mixtures of crimson clover, cereal rye, oat, and wheat harvested at maturity. Pool Decay Rate Constant
White mustard: 22,200
(1996) during winter in Salinas, CA, grew tansy phacelia (cv. (1963) conducted unreplicated field observations in long-term cover crop plots that had been established in 1924 and managed consistently until 1961 in an apricot orchard on a Yolo loam soil in Davis, California.
Early Bloom: 71% 62.0 kgN/ha
Crimson clover 10.1 31.9 15.2
The former increased surface litter loss by ~15% and the latter by ~11% vis a vis the control microcosms. Cover Crop N Content (kg/ha)
(1993b), for mid-November-planted cover crops in March, approximate values for N contained in root systems obtained by subtraction were as follows in kg N/ha:
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Golden grain macro.. #138906909 - Rain drops on ear of barley at sunrise. The weedy rye populations occur in mixed stands in mesic or xeric sites of the mountains of Northern California and Southern Oregon. comm.). This cover crop was difficult to incorporate by disking, and led to N immobilization in the soil and deficiencies to the following lettuce crop. 'Nabo' or one of forage oat (Avena strigosa).
Werenfels et al. Both cover crops were tilled under in mid-April and broccoli was planted in late April. comm.). December March April
Werenfels et al.
Cereal Rye/Crimson Clover 19, 8 26, 37 60, 76
Crimson clover 19, 17 16,16 16, 16
Schonbeck (1988) noted that cereal rye has been shown to be allelopathic towards other plants, but some of the suppressive effects may relate to tie-up of soil nitrogen by decomposing rye residues. Late Vegetative: 81% 54.5 kgN/ha
Root growth was greatest from the seedling to flag leaf for all three cereals. Wheat 13.1 86.5 22.9
Crimson Clover 17, 17 35, 134
In an unreplicated field trial, the plot with the cereal rye cultivar reduced total weed biomass below the values observed for one plot of wheat cv.
Cereal Rye/Crimson Clover 15, 15 22, 22 24, 37
White senf mustard: 13
Oilseed radish: 200 (142)
Cover Crop C:N Ratio
Ranells and Wagger (1997b) conducted a replicated field trial on N-dynamics of the following monocultural and bicultural cover crops: (1) cereal rye; (2) crimson clover; (3) hairy vetch; (4) cereal rye/crimson clover; and (5) cereal rye/hairy vetch. The structure of the rye plant enables it to capture and hold protective snow cover, which enhances winter-hardiness.
Cereal rye is a common weed in the intermountain area of California because it will volunteer and grow with only 5 or 6 inches of precipitation. 50/50 By-dry wt. Plots were managed by th reduced-tillage "Sundance System." Oilseed radish: 58
The corresponding values for cereal rye grown with crimson clover were 12.3 and 12.3 and with hairy vetch, 19.9 ad 15.3 kgN/ha. stems 78.8 -33.2
Standard error: 20.2, d.f.=10
Jackson et al. comm.). Cereal Rye 18, 10 31, 31 38, 19
Cereal rye is a common weed in the intermountain area of California because it will volunteer and grow with only 5 or 6 inches of precipitation. Cereal Rye 1.00, 0.60 1.00, 1.75 3.36, 1.71
The weedy rye populations occur in mixed stands in mesic or xeric sites of the mountains of Northern California and Southern Oregon. comm.).
Unfortunately, the unreplicated nature of the study severely limits interpretation. Because it grows better in cooler weather, cereal rye can be incorporated earlier in the spring (McLeod, 1982). In replicated studies in Salinas, CA, Jackson et al.
Merced cereal rye: 19
December March April
At grain set, 15-20% of the photosynthetic area is provided by leaf blades, which is much lower than for maize, wheat, and oat. Perez and Ormeno-Nunez (1993) reported on laboratory and field observations in Chile concerning the root exudation of hydroxamic acids by the cereal rye cultivar 'Forrajero-Baer'. Haley and Hogue (1990) assessed influence of type of ground cover on apple aphid, Aphis pomi DeGeer (Homoptera: Aphididae), and its predators in a young apple orchard, four ground cover regimes were compared: (1) fall cereal rye (Secale cereale), herbicided in spring and summer; (2) a mixture of white clover (Trifolium repens) and grass; (3) herbicided tree-row strips and grassed-in alleys; and (4) woven black-plastic strips in the tree row and grassed alleys. Cereal rye is a common weed in the intermountain area of California along dry lakes and road edges of alkaline areas (Fred Thomas, pers.