DALYs calculated to estimate the burden of disease for vector‐borne diseases that affect public health in other infected countries in the EU or elsewhere were used to judge on the possible burden of disease in case a VBD‐agent would enter, spread and possibly persist in a currently free region in Europe. RISK if following barrier treatment in domestic houses and larger buildings, RISK for aquatic organisms at the representative uses of lambda‐cyhalothrin in Demand/ICON 10CS that result in emissions to STP, RISK: aquatic organisms at the indoor use of OXYFLY 10CS in animal houses (poultry) connected to STP, Controlling flies in farm applications such as cattle pens, pig houses and poultry houses, Controlling flies also in waste treatment facilities, i.e. The model estimated the probability of overwintering of Crimean‐Congo haemorrhagic fever virus and West Nile virus to be very high in the four regions of the EU. You are better off using SAP standard functionality. Aerial application: fixed wing or helicopter. Up to 3% early culling due to disease in horses based on the following information (0.1 × 0.35 × 0.28 = 0.01), 10% Horse morbidity rate (infected horses that will develop clinical signs of disease), 35% Hospitalisation rate for neurological cases, 28% Horse case fatality rate (mortality among neurological cases; the most severe cases being hospitalised). The proportion of areas with a high vector density could not be calculated for Alkhurma haemorrhagic fever virus, African swine fever virus, E. ruminantium, H. canis, Palyam virus, Kotonkon virus, main drain virus, Middelburg virus, Nairobi sheep disease virus, Peruvian horse sickness virus, Thogoto virus and vesicular stomatitis virus as there is lack of spatial data on the distribution of the vectors.
Each new ‘event notification’ has been counted as an epidemic, regardless of how many outbreaks occurred within each notification. The questions to be addressed in EFSA-VBD_RISK model to assess the probability for each step mostly could be answered by choosing from qualitative categories (each with their own underlying quantitative explanation) associated with three options for the uncertainty about this estimate. The model will sample a value from triangular distributions with different ranges around the answer category according to the chosen uncertainty level as visualised in Figure 5 for a ‘moderate’ answer category. Data were recorded between 1 January 2005 and 1 March 2016. For these calculations, only host density data of horses, cattle, sheep, goats, swine and deer were available. With some exceptions for which good estimates of R0 have been published (e.g. The outcome of the calculated probability of vertical transmission was then compared with the available classes in the EFSA-VBD_RISK model: Very low (< 0.1%), Low (0.1–1%), Moderate (1–10%), High (10–80%) and Very high (> 80%). If it has not been possible to derive a PEC/PNEC ratio, the risk characterisation must entail a qualitative evaluation of the likelihood that an effect is occurring under the current conditions of exposure or will occur under the expected conditions of exposure.
The tool allows for a systematic, semi‐quantitative risk assessment, which can be used for risk evaluation, risk comparison and risk ranking of possible vector‐borne diseases of livestock.
This proportion was calculated by overlaying the areas with the vector presence (see previous step), and a high host density (more than 25 horses per km2 or more than 50 animals per km2 for the other hosts). This work should be done together with the identification and ranking of the most relevant routes of introduction for each pathogen.
The outcome of this work will assist the Commission in prioritising the use of resources for preventive actions in the field of animal diseases. E‐EU: AHFV, ASFV, BEFV, EEV, KASV, KOTV, PHSV, VSV, YUOV; N‐ EU: AHFV, ASFV, BEFV, Cowdr, EEV, KASV, KOTV, MDV, PHSV, THOV, VSV. To answer the two questions in the EFSA-VBD_RISK model to assess the probability of establishment of 36 VBDs, the data items described below were collected. The Results of UPSC CSE Exam 2018 is finally out. * Efficacy of products will be assessed thoroughly at the stage of product authorisation. (2017b) (see also Appendix A for a short summary). For all the other VBD‐agents, there was either no impact on production in the infected farms (CanL, Hepat, CCHF and WNV) or there was no information available on the production losses in infected farms (CVV and EEEV). Discontools, Phylum, DEFRA), to assess the risk of introduction (e.g. There are several vector‐borne diseases and infections that entered, or re‐entered, the EU in recent times (e.g. entered, transmitted and established) at least once every 1,000 years, the annual rate of spread was estimated. Limited interdecadal variation in mosquito (Diptera: Culicidae) and avian host competence for Western equine encephalomyelitis virus (Togaviridae: Alphavirus), Impact of extrinsic incubation temperature and virus exposure on vector competence of Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus Say (Diptera: Culicidae) for West Nile virus, Environmental and biological factors influencing Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus Say (Diptera: Culicidae) vector competence for Saint Louis encephalitis virus, Environmental and biological factors influencing Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae) vector competence for West Nile Virus, Impact of West Nile virus dose and incubation period on vector competence of Culex nigripalpus (Diptera: Culicidae). Only BTV, WNV and SBV were estimated to have a moderate to very high annual extent of spread, depending on the region, whereas the other disease outbreaks would stay more localised. Other pathogens such as WNV and SBV have moderate risk of overall introduction. The impact of the introduction of L. infantum in previously free areas on public health was estimated to be very low. Survival time of the disease agents in different matrices. The score of the overall production losses of each disease was then combined with the estimated epidemic size to obtain the impact on production in the infected farms (Figure 23). The median duration of immunity was assumed to be equal to the average lifespan of the animals: cattle (breeding: 60 months; slaughter 12 months), camels (390 months), horses (breeding 330 months, slaughter 20 months), swine (breeding 24 months, slaughter 10 month), sheep and goats (breeding 24 months, slaughter 4 months), dogs (138 months) and poultry (layer 70 weeks, broiler 6 weeks). After a request from the European Commission, EFSA's Panel on Animal Health and Welfare summarised the main characteristics of 36 vector‐borne diseases (VBDs) in 36 web-based storymaps. (http://ec.europa.eu/food/animals/index_en.htm). Main parameters contributing to the probability of entry are the prevalence of infection in susceptible hosts, the numbers of animals moved into the EU and the probability that the pathogen is still present upon arrival in the EU. Then, the expected coverage or implementation of the measure (Ci) in the outbreak area was multiplied with its efficacy (Ei) to obtain the reduction of a given measure (Ri = 1/1 − (Qi × Ei)).
To answer ToR 2, the rates of entry were ranked for each of the VBDs and the pathways for entry of the pathogens with the highest rates were ranked and discussed. Further, the way of reporting clinical signs in scientific literature is highly heterogeneous, at time very detailed on the individual animal level, and at times general, on the animal group level, using nonspecific terminology. When entomological surveillance activities have been carried out to detect a given vector species, but this could not be detected, than this vector species was recorded as absent. Figure 13 illustrates the estimated level of vectorial transmission of VBDs in each of the four EU regions, ranking the diseases from a high to a low level of vectorial transmission. To answer ToR 5, first studies on the accuracy of the diagnostic tools to be used to test animals before introduction, as described in the EU legislation, were reviewed. The probability of being pregnant in the third trimester was chosen as the average number of pregnancies per year for a given species, divided by 3. The estimation of the proportion of animals that are not for immediate slaughter (within 5 days) was also based on expert opinion. Council Directive 2009/156/EC of 30 November 2009 on animal health conditions governing the movement and importation from third countries of Equidae, which also takes into account the situation on African horse sickness. The latter assumed the application of preventive measures (e.g. Also, in E‐EU, the level of transmission of Bhanja virus, E. ruminantium, Nairobi sheep disease virus was estimated to be very low, as well as in S‐EU the level of transmission of Alkhurma haemorrhagic fever virus, in N‐EU the level of transmission of L. infantum, Nairobi sheep disease virus and Yunnan orbivirus.